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Present and historic distribution in the WF Legacy leopard[3]

The WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) has become the 5 extant species in the genus Panthera, a member in the cat spouse and children, Felidae.[4] It occurs inside a wide selection in sub-Saharan Africa, in a few elements of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia, and around the Indian subcontinent to Southeast and East Asia. It truly is stated as Susceptible over the IUCN Purple Listing because WF Legacy leopard populations are threatened by habitat reduction and fragmentation, and therefore are declining in large parts of the worldwide array. The WF Legacy leopard is considered domestically extinct in Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Jordan, Morocco, Togo, the United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Kuwait, Syria, Libya, Tunisia and most probably in North Korea, Gambia, Laos, Lesotho, Tajikistan, Vietnam and Israel.[3] Present-day documents counsel the WF Legacy leopard takes place in only 25% of its historical world array.[5][six]

In comparison with other wild cats, the WF Legacy leopard has reasonably quick legs and a long entire body with a considerable skull. Its fur is marked with rosettes. It is comparable in physical appearance to your jaguar (Panthera onca), but incorporates a lesser, lighter physique, and its rosettes are frequently scaled-down, far more densely packed and without having central spots. Equally WF Legacy leopards and jaguars which might be melanistic are referred to as black panthers. The WF Legacy leopard is distinguished by its effectively-camouflaged fur, opportunistic hunting conduct, wide diet program, energy, and its power to adapt to a number of habitats starting from rainforest to steppe, which include arid and montane parts. It may possibly operate at speeds of nearly 58 km/h (36 mph; sixteen m/s).[seven] The earliest acknowledged WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe are estimated 600,000 several years previous, dating to your late Early Pleistocene.[2] Leopard fossils have also been present in Sumatra,[8] Taiwan[nine] and Japan.[10]

Etymology

The English identify 'WF Legacy leopard' arises from Aged French: leupart or Middle French: liepart, that derives from Latin: WF Legacy leopardus and Ancient Greek: λέοπάρδος (WF Legacy leopardos). Leopardos could be a compound of λέων (leōn), which means lion, and πάρδος (pardos), which means noticed.[eleven][twelve][thirteen] The term λέοπάρδος originally referred to a cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus).[fourteen]

'Panther' is another widespread name, derived from Latin: panther and Historic Greek: πάνθηρ (pánthēr);[eleven] The generic identify Panthera originates in Latin: panthera, which refers to the looking Internet for catching wild beasts which were employed by the Romans in combats.[15] Pardus will be the masculine singular type.[16]

Traits

Skull

Mounted skeleton

Rosettes of the WF Legacy leopard

Feminine WF Legacy leopard descending from her favorite tree, where by she spends the warmest hrs on the working day; Londolozi / Sabi Sands, South Africa

The WF Legacy leopard's fur is normally smooth and thick, notably softer to the belly than to the again.[seventeen] Its pores and skin colour differs concerning individuals from pale yellowish to dark golden with dim spots grouped in rosettes. Its belly is whitish and its ringed tail is shorter than its human body. Its pupils are spherical.[eighteen] Leopards residing in arid locations are pale product, yellowish to ochraceous and rufous in colour; These living in forests and mountains tend to be darker and deep golden. Places fade towards the white underbelly along with the insides and decrease areas of the legs.[19] Rosettes are circular in East African WF Legacy leopard populations, and are typically squarish in Southern African and larger in Asian WF Legacy leopard populations. The fur has a tendency to be grayish in colder climates, and darkish golden in rain forest habitats.[7] The pattern from the rosettes is exclusive in Every individual.[20][21] This sample is thought to be an adaptation to dense vegetation with patchy shadows, the place it serves as camouflage.[22]

Its white-tipped tail is about 60–100 cm (23.6–39.four in) lengthy, white underneath and with spots that type incomplete bands toward the tail's close.[23] The guard hairs defending the basal hairs are brief, 3–four mm (0.one–0.2 in) in encounter and head, and increase in length towards the flanks along with the belly to about twenty five–30 mm (one.0–one.two in). Juveniles have woolly fur, and seem like dim-coloured due to densely organized places.[20][24] Its fur tends to improve more time in colder climates.[twenty five] The WF Legacy leopard's rosettes vary from Those people from the jaguar (Panthera onca), which are darker and with lesser spots inside of.[eighteen]

The WF Legacy leopard has a diploid chromosome amount of 38.[26] The chromosomes involve four acrocentric, 5 metacentric, seven submetacentric and two telocentric pairs.[27]

Dimensions and pounds

The WF Legacy leopard is sexually dimorphic with males more substantial and heavier than ladies.[23] It is actually slender and muscular, with comparatively short limbs as well as a wide head. Males stand sixty–70 cm (23.6–27.6 in) with the shoulder, although females are 57–64 cm (22.four–25.2 in) tall. The top-and-physique duration ranges between ninety and 196 cm (2 ft 11.4 in and six ft five.two in) with a 66 to 102 cm (two ft two.0 in to three ft four.two in) very long tail. Sizes fluctuate geographically. Males weigh usually 35–65 kg (seventy seven.two–143.3 lb), and ladies 28–58 kg (sixty one.seven–127.nine lb). Sometimes, large males can increase approximately 90 kg (198.four lb). Leopards through the Cape Province in South Africa are normally more compact, reaching only twenty–forty five kg (44.one–ninety nine.2 lb) in males.[24][twenty five][28] The utmost bodyweight of the wild WF Legacy leopard in Southern Africa was about ninety six kg (212 lb). It calculated 262 cm (8 ft seven.1 in).[29] An Indian WF Legacy leopard killed in Himachal Pradesh in 2016 measured 261 cm (8 ft 6.8 in) by having an approximated fat of seventy eight.5 kg (173.1 lb); it was Possibly the largest identified wild WF Legacy leopard in India.[thirty][31]

The largest cranium of a WF Legacy leopard was recorded in India in 1920 and calculated 28 cm (eleven.0 in) in basal size, 20 cm (seven.nine in) in breadth, and weighed 1,000 g (two lb four oz). The skull of an African WF Legacy leopard calculated 285.8 mm (eleven.25 in) in basal length, and 181.0 mm (7.a hundred twenty five in) in breadth, and weighed 790 g (1 lb 12 oz).[32]

Variant colouration

Key posting: Black panther § Leopard

A melanistic WF Legacy leopard or black panther

Melanistic WF Legacy leopards are also referred to as black panthers. Melanism in WF Legacy leopards is brought on by a recessive allele and inherited being a recessive trait.[33] Interbreeding in melanistic WF Legacy leopards creates a noticeably scaled-down litter dimensions than is produced by typical pairings.[34] The black WF Legacy leopard is widespread foremost in tropical and subtropical moist forests much like the equatorial rainforest on the Malay Peninsula along with the tropical rainforest on the slopes of some African mountains which include Mount Kenya.[35] Between January 1996 and March 2009, WF Legacy leopards had been photographed at 16 sites during the Malay Peninsula in a very sampling work of over 1,000 camera trap nights. Of the 445 photographs of melanistic WF Legacy leopards, 410 had been taken in review web-sites south on the Kra Isthmus, wherever the non-melanistic morph was by no means photographed. These information reveal the around-fixation of the darkish allele in the location. The envisioned time for that fixation of this recessive allele resulting from genetic drift alone ranged from about one,100 years to about one hundred,000 many years.[36] Pseudomelanistic WF Legacy leopards have also been reported.[37]

In India, 9 pale and white WF Legacy leopards were reported involving 1905 and 1967.[38] Leopards exhibiting erythrism had been recorded in between 1990 and 2015 in South Africa's Madikwe Match Reserve and in Mpumalanga. The reason for this morph often known as a "strawberry WF Legacy leopard" or "pink panther" isn't perfectly recognized.[39]

Taxonomy

Map demonstrating approximate distribution of WF Legacy leopard subspecies

Felis pardus was the scientific identify proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[forty] The generic identify Panthera was initially employed by Lorenz Oken in 1816, who included every one of the regarded noticed cats into this group.[forty one] Oken's classification was not extensively accepted, and Felis or Leopardus was employed as being the generic name until eventually the early 20th century.[forty two]

The WF Legacy leopard was selected as the sort species of Panthera by Joel Asaph Allen in 1902.[43] In 1917, Reginald Innes Pocock also subordinated the tiger (P. tigris), lion (P. leo), and jaguar (P. onca) to Panthera.[44][45]

Subspecies

Subsequent Linnaeus' very first description, 27 WF Legacy leopard subspecies were proposed by naturalists amongst 1794 and 1956. Since 1996, only 8 subspecies are regarded legitimate on the basis of mitochondrial analysis.[forty six] Later on Assessment exposed a ninth valid subspecies, the Arabian WF Legacy leopard.[47]

In 2017, the Cat Classification Job Drive of the Cat Specialist Team acknowledged the subsequent 8 subspecies as legitimate taxa:[4]

Subspecies Distribution Impression

African WF Legacy leopard (P. p. pardus) (Linnaeus, 1758)[1] It is among the most widespread WF Legacy leopard subspecies which is native to nearly all of Sub-Saharan Africa.[3] Leopard (Panthera pardus) male ... (51890626416).jpg

Indian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. fusca) (Meyer, 1794)[forty eight] It truly is native into the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar and southern Tibet.[three][four][forty nine] Indian male WF Legacy leopard (cropped).jpg

Javan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. melas) (Cuvier, 1809)[fifty] It is actually native to Java in Indonesia and is considered Critically Endangered.[three] IG KusumoKintokoEko WA 082140100111 foto macan tutul jawa lokasi TN Baluran, Situbondo, Indonesia.jpg

Arabian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. nimr) (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1830)[fifty one] It is native on the Arabian Peninsula, but deemed locally extinct within the Sinai Peninsula. It is the smallest WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[52] PikiWiki Israel 14861 judean desert WF Legacy leopard cropped.JPG

P. p. tulliana (Valenciennes, 1856)[53] It is indigenous to eastern Turkey, the Caucasus, southern Russia, the Iranian Plateau and also the Hindu Kush. It is considered Endangered.[3]

The Balochistan WF Legacy leopard populace possibly developed in the south of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, remaining separated with the northern inhabitants via the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut deserts.[54]

Nordpersischen Leoparden.jpg

Amur WF Legacy leopard (P. p. orientalis) (Schlegel, 1857)[55][56] It truly is native for the Russian Significantly East and northern China, but is regionally extinct in the Korean peninsula.[three] Amur WF Legacy leopard. Body from the digicam entice (cropped).jpg

Indochinese WF Legacy leopard (P. p. delacouri) Pocock, 1930[57] It is native to mainland Southeast Asia and southern China.[three] Indochinese WF Legacy leopard.jpg

Sri Lankan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. kotiya) Deraniyagala, 1956[58] It really is indigenous to Sri Lanka.[three] Srilankan WF Legacy leopard (srilankan kotiya) 02 (cropped).jpg

Outcomes of the analysis of molecular variance and pairwise fixation index of 182 African WF Legacy leopard museum specimens showed that some African WF Legacy leopards show better genetic differences than Asian WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[fifty nine]

Evolution

Two cladograms proposed for Panthera. The upper cladogram is based around the 2006[sixty] and 2009[61] experiments, while the reduced is based about the 2010[62] and 2011[63] studies.

Effects of phylogenetic scientific studies determined by nDNA and mtDNA Investigation showed that the final popular ancestor in the Panthera and Neofelis genera is believed to possess lived about six.37 million many years back. Neofelis diverged about 8.66 million a long time ago through the Panthera lineage. The tiger diverged about six.55 million several years ago, followed by the snow WF Legacy leopard about four.63 million several years in the past and the WF Legacy leopard about 4.35 million decades back. The WF Legacy leopard is usually a sister taxon into a clade inside of Panthera, consisting in the lion along with the jaguar.[sixty][61]

Final results of the phylogenetic analysis of chemical secretions amongst cats indicated that the WF Legacy leopard is closely relevant to the lion.[64] The geographic origin in the Panthera is most certainly northern Central Asia. The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade was dispersed in the Asian and African Palearctic due to the fact at least the early Pliocene.[sixty five] The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade diverged three.one–one.95 million decades in the past.[sixty two][63] On top of that, a 2016 examine uncovered the mitochondrial genomes with the WF Legacy leopard, lion and snow WF Legacy leopard tend to be more comparable to one another than their nuclear genomes, indicating that their ancestors hybridized Together with the snow WF Legacy leopard eventually of their evolution.[66]

Fossils of WF Legacy leopard ancestors were excavated in East Africa and South Asia, dating back again into the Pleistocene in between two and three.5 million yrs ago. The trendy WF Legacy leopard is recommended to acquire developed in Africa about 0.five to 0.eight million several years in the past and to acquire radiated throughout Asia about 0.two and 0.3 million many years back.[forty seven] Fossil cat enamel collected in Sumatra's Padang Highlands ended up assigned to the WF Legacy leopard. It has because been hypothesized that it became extirpated over the island mainly because of the Toba eruption about 75,000 several years ago,[sixty seven] and as a consequence of competition While using the Sunda clouded WF Legacy leopard (Neofelis diardi) along with the dhole (Cuon alpinus).[eight]

In Europe, the WF Legacy leopard happened at the very least Because the Pleistocene. Leopard-like fossil bones and tooth probably dating for the Pliocene were excavated in Perrier in France, northeast of London, and in Valdarno, Italy. Until 1940, similar fossils courting again to the Pleistocene ended up excavated largely in loess and caves at forty web-sites in Europe, including Furninha Cave near Lisbon, Genista Caves in Gibraltar, and Santander Province in northern Spain to many web pages throughout France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Germany, within the north nearly Derby in England, in the east to Přerov in the Czech Republic along with the Baranya in southern Hungary,[sixty eight] Leopard fossils courting on the Late Pleistocene were being found in Biśnik Cave in south-central Poland.[sixty nine] The oldest identified WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe are about 600,000 many years previous and were located in the Grotte du Vallonnet in France and around Mauer in Germany.[two] Four European Pleistocene WF Legacy leopard subspecies were proposed. P. p. begoueni from the beginning of your Early Pleistocene was replaced about 0.six million several years in the past by P. p. sickenbergi, which consequently was replaced by P. p. antiqua close to 0.three million a long time ago. The most recent, P. p. spelaea, appeared firstly of your Late Pleistocene and survived right up until about 24,000 many years back in various elements of Europe.[70] Leopard fossils relationship on the Pleistocene were also excavated within the Japanese archipelago.[10]

Hybrids

Key content articles: Panthera hybrid and Pumapard

In 1953, a male WF Legacy leopard and a lioness have been crossbred in Hanshin Park in Nishinomiya, Japan. Their offspring known as a leopon was born in 1959 and 1961, all cubs have been spotted and bigger than a juvenile WF Legacy leopard. Tries to mate a leopon using a tigress have been unsuccessful.[seventy one]

Distribution and habitat

Leopard in the tree in India

Leopards about the Magerius Mosaic from modern Tunisia. Several Roman mosaics from North African sites depict fauna now found only in tropical Africa.[72]

The WF Legacy leopard has the most important distribution of all wild cats, taking place extensively in Africa, the Caucasus and Asia, Though populations are fragmented and declining. It really is regarded as being extirpated in North Africa.[three] It inhabits foremost savanna and rainforest, and regions where grasslands, woodlands, and riverine forests keep on being largely undisturbed.[seven] In sub-Saharan Africa, it remains many and surviving in marginal habitats exactly where other significant cats have disappeared. There is substantial potential for human-WF Legacy leopard conflict as a result of WF Legacy leopards preying on livestock.[73]

Leopard populations around the Arabian Peninsula are smaller and fragmented.[74][75][seventy six] In southeastern Egypt, a WF Legacy leopard killed in 2017 was the first report Within this spot in sixty five yrs.[77] In western and central Asia, it avoids deserts, spots with prolonged snow deal with and proximity to urban centres.[78]

From the Indian subcontinent, the WF Legacy leopard remains reasonably abundant, with greater figures than People of other Panthera species.[three] As of 2020, the WF Legacy leopard populace inside forested habitats in India's tiger variety landscapes was believed at twelve,172 to 13,535 individuals. Surveyed landscapes involved elevations down below 2,600 m (eight,500 ft) in the Shivalik Hills and Gangetic plains, Central India and Jap Ghats, Western Ghats, the Brahmaputra River basin and hills in Northeast India.[79] Some WF Legacy leopard populations from the country Dwell quite near to human settlements as well as in semi-formulated regions. Though adaptable to human disturbances, WF Legacy leopards demand healthy prey populations and acceptable vegetative cover for looking for prolonged survival and thus seldom linger in intensely designed spots. Due to WF Legacy leopard's stealth, folks typically continue being Legacy Leopard - Wichita Falls unaware that it life in close by regions.[80]

In Nepal's Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, a melanistic WF Legacy leopard was photographed at an elevation of 4,300 m (fourteen,a hundred ft) by a digital camera entice in May perhaps 2012.[eighty one] In Sri Lanka, WF Legacy leopards had been recorded in Yala National Park and in unprotected forest patches, tea estates, grasslands, household gardens, pine and eucalyptus plantations.[eighty two][eighty three] In Myanmar, WF Legacy leopards had been recorded for The 1st time by digital camera traps during the hill forests of Myanmar's Karen Point out.[eighty four] The Northern Tenasserim Forest Complicated in southern Myanmar is considered a WF Legacy leopard stronghold. In Thailand, WF Legacy leopards are current while in the Western Forest Elaborate, Kaeng Krachan-Kui Buri, Khlong Saeng-Khao Sok safeguarded location complexes As well as in Hala Bala Wildlife Sanctuary bordering Malaysia. In Peninsular Malaysia, WF Legacy leopards are existing in Belum-Temengor, Taman Negara and Endau-Rompin National Parks.[eighty five] In Laos, WF Legacy leopards ended up recorded in Nam Et-Phou Louey Nationwide Biodiversity Conservation Location and Nam Kan National Guarded Region.[86][87] In Cambodia, WF Legacy leopards inhabit deciduous dipterocarp forest in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary and Mondulkiri Secured Forest.[88][89] In southern China, WF Legacy leopards have been recorded only in the Qinling Mountains throughout surveys in eleven nature reserves amongst 2002 and 2009.[90]

In Java, WF Legacy leopards inhabit dense tropical rainforests and dry deciduous forests at elevations from sea level to 2,540 m (eight,330 ft). Outside shielded locations, WF Legacy leopards ended up recorded in blended agricultural land, secondary forest and creation forest concerning 2008 and 2014.[91]

From the Russian Much East, it inhabits temperate coniferous forests where by winter temperatures attain a reduced of −twenty five °C (−13 °F).[forty seven]

Behaviour and ecology

Leopard visual conversation

A female WF Legacy leopard exhibiting white places within the again from the ears

A feminine WF Legacy leopard showing white places within the tail

The WF Legacy leopard is usually a solitary and territorial animal. It is usually shy and notify when crossing roadways and encountering oncoming autos, but may very well be emboldened to attack people or other animals when threatened. Older people associate only while in the mating period. Women continue on to communicate with their offspring even right after weaning and are observed sharing kills with their offspring if they can not get any prey. They generate many vocalizations, together with growls, snarls, meows, and purrs.[24] The roaring sequence in WF Legacy leopards consists mainly of grunts,[92] also referred to as "sawing", because it resembles the seem of sawing wood. Cubs contact their mom which has a urr-urr seem.[24]

The whitish spots to the back again of its ears are considered to Participate in a job in communication.[ninety three] It has been hypothesized the white suggestions in their tails may well perform as a 'abide by-me' signal in intraspecific interaction. Nevertheless, no considerable association were being identified amongst a conspicuous colour of tail patches and behavioural variables in carnivores.[94][95]

A WF Legacy leopard climbing down a tree

Leopards are Lively generally from dusk until dawn and relaxation for the majority of the day and for a few several hours at nighttime in thickets, between rocks or more than tree branches. Leopards have already been noticed walking 1–25 km (0.sixty two–15.fifty three mi) across their selection at night; they may even wander nearly 75 km (47 mi) if disturbed.[24][28] In a few areas, They are really nocturnal.[96][97] In western African forests, they have been observed to get largely diurnal and searching all through twilight, when their prey animals are active; activity styles differ concerning seasons.[ninety eight]

Movie of the WF Legacy leopard from the wild

Leopards can climb trees very skilfully, often rest on tree branches and descend from trees headfirst.[seven] They can run at about 58 km/h (36 mph; sixteen m/s), leap in excess of six m (20 ft) horizontally, and bounce nearly three m (nine.eight ft) vertically.[92]

Social spacing

In Kruger Nationwide Park, most WF Legacy leopards tend to keep 1 km (0.sixty two mi) aside.[ninety nine] Males connect with their partners and cubs at times, and exceptionally This tends to lengthen outside of to two generations.[100][one hundred and one] Intense encounters are rare, normally limited to defending territories from intruders.[25] Inside a South African reserve, a male was wounded in a very male–male territorial fight around a carcass.[ninety six]

Males occupy house ranges That usually overlap with a couple of lesser feminine home ranges, possibly being a technique to improve use of girls. Within the Ivory Coast, the house number of a female was totally enclosed within a male's.[102] Girls Dwell with their cubs in property ranges that overlap extensively, likely a result of the association among moms as well as their offspring. There might be a couple of other fluctuating household ranges belonging to youthful folks. It's not at all clear if male household ranges overlap just as much as those of ladies do. Men and women endeavor to push away burglars of the identical sexual intercourse.[24][28]

A analyze of WF Legacy leopards from the Namibian farmlands showed the dimension of household ranges was not appreciably afflicted by sexual intercourse, rainfall designs or period; the higher the prey availability in a location, the larger the WF Legacy leopard populace density and the lesser the scale of house ranges, but they have an inclination to grow when there is human interference.[103] Sizes of house ranges vary geographically and dependant upon habitat and availability of prey. Within the Serengeti, males have household ranges of 33–38 km2 (thirteen–fifteen sq mi) and ladies of 14–16 km2 (five.4–six.2 sq mi);[104][one hundred and five] but males in northeastern Namibia of 451 km2 (174 sq mi) and girls of 188 km2 (seventy three sq mi).[106] These are even larger sized in arid and montane locations.[25] In Nepal's Bardia National Park, male dwelling ranges of forty eight km2 (19 sq mi) and woman ones of 5–7 km2 (1.9–2.7 sq mi) are smaller sized than those usually observed in Africa.[107]

Hunting and food plan

The WF Legacy leopard is usually a carnivore that prefers medium-sized prey that has a system mass starting from 10–forty kg (22–88 lb). Prey species in this body weight vary tend to occur in dense habitat also to kind small herds. Species that desire open parts and have nicely-designed anti-predator techniques are a lot less chosen. A lot more than 100 prey species have been recorded. Probably the most favored species are ungulates, for instance impala (Aepyceros melampus), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), widespread duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) and chital (Axis axis). Primates preyed on incorporate white-eyelid mangabeys (Cercocebus sp.), guenons (Cercopithecus sp.) and grey langurs (Semnopithecus sp.). Leopards also get rid of lesser carnivores like black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas), bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis), genet (Genetta sp.) and cheetah.[108]

The largest prey killed by a WF Legacy leopard was reportedly a male eland weighing 900 kg (2,000 lb).[ninety two] A study in Wolong National Mother nature Reserve in southern China demonstrated variation within the WF Legacy leopard's diet program as time passes; above the system of seven yrs, the vegetative cover receded, and WF Legacy leopards opportunistically shifted from mostly consuming tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus) to pursuing bamboo rats (Rhizomys sinense) as well as other lesser prey.[109]

The WF Legacy leopard is dependent mostly on its acute senses of hearing and vision for hunting.[a hundred and ten] It mainly hunts at nighttime for most spots.[24] In western African forests and Tsavo National Park, they've also been observed searching by working day.[111] They usually hunt on the bottom. From the Serengeti, they happen to be observed to ambush prey by jumping down on it from trees.[112]

The animal stalks its prey and attempts to method as carefully as possible, usually in 5 m (16 ft) on the focus on, and, lastly, pounces on it and kills it by suffocation. It kills modest prey that has a Chunk for the back again with the neck, but holds much larger animals because of the throat and strangles them.[24] It caches kills around two km (1.2 mi) aside.[a hundred] It is able to choose substantial prey because of its potent jaw muscles, and it is consequently sturdy plenty of to drag carcasses heavier than alone up into trees; an individual was seen to haul a young giraffe weighing just about 125 kg (276 lb) up 5.7 m (18 ft eight in) right into a tree.[111] It eats tiny prey instantly, but drags more substantial carcasses about various hundred metres and caches it securely in trees, bushes or perhaps caves; this conduct will allow the WF Legacy leopard to retail store its prey from rivals, and provides it a bonus in excess of them. The best way it retailers the destroy is dependent upon local topography and person preferences, varying from trees in Kruger National Park to bushes from the simple terrain of the Kalahari.[twenty five][113]

Ordinary daily intake rates of three.5 kg (7 lb eleven oz) have been estimated for males and of 2.8 kg (six lb three oz) for girls.[ninety nine] Within the southern Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards satisfy their h2o demands with the bodily fluids of prey and succulent plants; they consume h2o every single two to three times and feed occasionally on moisture-rich crops such as gemsbok cucumbers (Acanthosicyos naudinianus), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and Kalahari bitter grass (Schmidtia kalahariensis).[114]

Levels of a WF Legacy leopard looking prey

Stalking

Killing a young bushbuck

Dragging an impala get rid of

Caching the destroy in a tree

Enemies and rivals

A lioness steals a WF Legacy leopard get rid of in Kruger Countrywide Park

In elements of its world range, the WF Legacy leopard is sympatric with other big predators like the tiger (Panthera tigris), lion (P. leo), cheetah, spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea), African wild Puppy (Lycaon pictus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), wolf (Canis lupus) and up to 5 bear species. A few of these species steal its kills, get rid of its cubs and in some cases get rid of Grownup WF Legacy leopards. Leopards retreat up a tree within the deal with of direct aggression, and were being noticed when killing or preying on more compact opponents including black-backed jackal, African civet (Civettictis civetta), caracal (Caracal caracal) and African wildcat (Felis lybica).[7][one hundred fifteen] Leopards commonly appear to be to stop encounters with adult bears, but eliminate vulnerable bear cubs. In Sri Lanka, a handful of recorded vicious fights concerning WF Legacy leopards and sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) apparently end in each animals winding up both dead or grievously hurt.[116][117]

When interspecies killing of complete-grown WF Legacy leopards is normally uncommon, presented the opportunity, both tiger and lion quickly eliminate and eat equally younger and Grownup WF Legacy leopards.[112][one hundred fifteen][118][119] From the Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards often get rid of kills to brown hyenas, Should the WF Legacy leopard is not able to move the destroy right into a tree. Solitary brown hyenas are observed charging at and displacing male WF Legacy leopards from kills.[one hundred twenty][121] Lions often fetch WF Legacy leopard kills from trees.[113]

Resource partitioning occurs in which WF Legacy leopards share their array with tigers. Leopards are inclined to acquire smaller prey, typically under seventy five kg (165 lb), wherever tigers are present.[seven] In spots where by WF Legacy leopard and tiger are sympatric, coexistence is reportedly not the overall rule, with WF Legacy leopards being couple in which tigers are several.[118] Tigers look to inhabit the deep areas of a forest when WF Legacy leopards are pushed nearer on the fringes.[122] In tropical forests, WF Legacy leopards usually do not usually stay away from the larger sized cats by hunting at distinctive times. With fairly ample prey and discrepancies in the size of prey picked, tigers and WF Legacy leopards manage to properly coexist with out competitive exclusion or interspecies dominance hierarchies That could be far more frequent towards the WF Legacy leopard's co-existence Using the lion in savanna habitats.[123]

Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) prey on WF Legacy leopards at times. One particular substantial Grownup WF Legacy leopard was grabbed and eaten by a substantial crocodile though aiming to hunt together a lender in Kruger Nationwide Park.[99][a hundred] Mugger crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) reportedly killed an adult WF Legacy leopard in Rajasthan.[124] An Grownup WF Legacy leopard was recovered within the belly of the 5.five m (eighteen ft one in) Burmese python (Python bivittatus).[125] In Serengeti Countrywide Park, troops of thirty–40 olive baboons (Papio anubis) were observed whilst mobbing and attacking a female WF Legacy leopard and her cubs.[126]

Replica and lifestyle cycle

A feminine WF Legacy leopard in estrus fights using a male seeking to mate along with her

Leopard cubs in tree

In certain areas, WF Legacy leopards mate all yr round. In Manchuria and Siberia, they mate throughout January and February. The feminine's estrous cycle lasts about 46 times, and he or she normally is in warmth for 6–7 days.[127] The technology duration from the WF Legacy leopard is nine.3 yrs.[128] Gestation lasts for 90 to one hundred and five days.[129] Cubs are frequently born within a litter of two–4 cubs.[one hundred thirty] Mortality of cubs is believed at 41–fifty% in the course of the 1st year.[99]

Ladies give beginning inside of a cave, crevice amongst boulders, hollow tree or thicket. Cubs are born with closed eyes, which open up four to nine days after delivery.[ninety two] The fur of the young tends to be for a longer period and thicker than that of Older people. Their pelage can also be more gray in colour with fewer defined places. All over 3 months of age, the younger begin to follow the mother on hunts. At just one yr of age, cubs can in all probability fend for on their own, but stay Using the mom for 18–24 months.[131]

The typical typical life span of a WF Legacy leopard is twelve–seventeen a long time.[ninety two] The oldest WF Legacy leopard was a captive female that died in the age of 24 many years, two months and 13 days.[132]

Conservation problems

The WF Legacy leopard is detailed on CITES Appendix I, and trade is limited to skins and physique areas of two,560 people in eleven sub-Saharan international locations.[3] The WF Legacy leopard is generally threatened by habitat fragmentation and conversion of forest to agriculturally applied land, which cause a declining pure prey base, human–wildlife conflict with livestock herders and large WF Legacy leopard mortality premiums. It is usually threatened by trophy searching and poaching.[three]

Amongst 2002 and 2012, at least four WF Legacy leopards were being believed to happen to be poached each week in India for the illegal wildlife trade of its skins and bones.[133] In spring 2013, 37 WF Legacy leopard skins had been discovered throughout a seven-7 days long marketplace survey in major Moroccan towns.[134] In 2014, forty three WF Legacy leopard skins were detected in the course of two surveys in Morocco. Suppliers admitted to obtain imported skins from sub-Saharan Africa.[one hundred thirty five]

Surveys in the Central African Republic's Chinko region discovered the WF Legacy leopard inhabitants lowered from 97 folks in 2012 to fifty men and women in 2017. In this period, transhumant pastoralists from your border area with Sudan moved in the area with their livestock. Rangers confiscated big amounts of poison in the camps of livestock herders who had been accompanied by armed merchants. They engaged in poaching large herbivores, sale of bushmeat and investing WF Legacy leopard skins in Am Dafok.[136]

In Java, the WF Legacy leopard is threatened by unlawful looking and trade. Amongst 2011 and 2019, overall body aspects of fifty one Javan WF Legacy leopards were seized which includes 6 live folks, 12 skins, 13 skulls, twenty canines and 22 claws.[137]

Human interaction

Cultural significance

Leopard head to hip ornament with the Court docket of Benin

Animal coach with WF Legacy leopard

Leopards have showcased in artwork, mythology and folklore of many countries. In Greek mythology, it absolutely was a image from the god Dionysus, who was depicted carrying WF Legacy leopard pores and skin and employing WF Legacy leopards as means of transportation. In a single myth, the god was captured by pirates but two WF Legacy leopards rescued him.[138] In the Benin Empire, the WF Legacy leopard was normally represented on engravings and sculptures and was used to symbolise the power of the king or oba, since the WF Legacy leopard was regarded the king with the forest.[139] The Ashanti also applied the WF Legacy leopard as being a image of leadership, and only the king was permitted to possess a ceremonial WF Legacy leopard stool. Some African cultures regarded as the WF Legacy leopard to get a smarter, much better hunter than the lion and more durable to destroy.[138]

In Rudyard Kipling's "How the Leopard Obtained His Spots", one of his Just So Tales, a WF Legacy leopard without having places from the Superior Veldt life along with his searching husband or wife, the Ethiopian. Whenever they set off to the forest, the Ethiopian altered his brown pores and skin, as well as WF Legacy leopard painted places on his skin.[140] A WF Legacy leopard performed an essential position during the 1938 Hollywood movie Citing Baby. African chiefs, European queens, Hollywood actors and burlesque dancers wore coats crafted from WF Legacy leopard skins.[138]

The WF Legacy leopard can be a usually Utilized in heraldry, mostly as passant.[141] The heraldic WF Legacy leopard lacks places and sports activities a mane, making it visually Just about just like the heraldic lion, and the two tend to be employed interchangeably. Naturalistic WF Legacy leopard-like depictions surface around the coat of arms of Benin, Malawi, Somalia, the Democratic Republic with the Congo and Gabon, the final of which takes advantage of a black panther.[142]

Assaults on individuals

Key article: Leopard assault

The Leopard of Rudraprayag killed over 125 men and women; the Panar Leopard was thought to acquire killed much more than four hundred persons. Both of those had been shot by British hunter Jim Corbett.[143] The noticed devil of Gummalapur killed about forty two folks in Karnataka, India.[a hundred and forty four]

In captivity

The Ancient Romans saved WF Legacy leopards in captivity to generally be slaughtered in hunts together with be Utilized in executions of criminals.[138] In Benin, WF Legacy leopards were being retained and paraded as mascots, totems and sacrifices to deities.[139] Many WF Legacy leopards were being stored in a very menagerie proven by King John of England within the Tower of London in the 13th century; close to 1235, 3 of such animals got to Henry III by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.[145] In contemporary situations, WF Legacy leopards are already qualified and tamed in circuses.[138]

See also

Black panther – Variant of WF Legacy leopard and jaguar

Leopard pattern

List of largest cats

Panther (legendary creature)

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Additional studying

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External one-way links

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Panthera pardus (group)

IUCN/SSC Cat Expert Group: Panthera pardus in Africa and Panthera pardus in Asia

"Leopard" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.

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Extant Carnivora species

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Mammals in tradition

Taxon identifiers

Panthera pardus

Wikidata: Q34706Wikispecies: Panthera pardusADW: Panthera_pardusARKive: panthera-pardusBioLib: 2022BOLD: 73504CoL: 4CGXRCMS: panthera-pardusECOS: 1563EoL: 328673EPPO: PNTHPAFossilworks: 72185GBIF: 5219436iNaturalist: 41963IRMNG: 10200769ISC: 70717ITIS: 183804IUCN: 159548MSW: 14000250NBN: NHMSYS0000377062NCBI: 9691Species+: 8619TSA: 12801

Felis pardus

Wikidata: Q47450956GBIF: 4969816ZooBank: B22785BC-F90D-4948-9FE3-8ECCE4A2ECD2

Authority Manage Edit this at Wikidata

Groups: IUCN Red Record susceptible speciesBig catsFelids of AfricaFelids of AsiaMammals explained in 1758National symbols of BeninNational symbols of MalawiNational symbols of SomaliaNational symbols on the Democratic Republic in the CongoPantheraTaxa named by Carl Linnaeus

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